Saksagan

Exploration and History

Ephesos, located on Turkey’s west coast, served as the former capital of the Roman province of Asia and held the distinction of being one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world. Since 1895, it has been a focal point of research for Austrian archaeological science, leading to the establishment of the Austrian Archaeological Institute (ÖAI) with Ephesos as a central hub for international research.

The History of Research at Ephesos

In 1863, English architect John Turtle Wood initiated the search for the Artemision, dedicating seven years to the quest. Despite discovering the temple’s marble pavement in 1869 Financing and Monumental Achievements at Ephesos, the expected finds did not materialize, leading to the discontinuation of excavations in 1874. The vision to transform Ephesos into an Austrian research site was realized through the efforts of Otto Bennd

Alexander, Seleucus, and Antiochus I sought to establish their rule in foreign lands by bringing in a significant number of Greeks, estimated at around 100,000 families. However, their ambition for complete cultural fusion fell short, contributing to the eventual disintegration of the kingdom. Nevertheless, western civilization found a lasting presence in Syria, particularly in the cities of Antioch, Laodicea, and Apamea, which became the pride and nerve center of the Seleucid kingdom.

Antioch rapidly expanded Fragmentation and the Spread of Hellenism, boasting a population between 90,000 and 150,000 inhabitants, making it the second-largest city globally, surpassed only by Alexandria in Egypt. Seleucia on the Tigris River replaced Babylon as the largest city in Iraq and served as the empire’s second capital, influencing commerce and dominating the economy of a vast region due to its strategic geographic location

The battle of Ipsus, in line with the prophecy in Daniel 8, saw Greece conquering Persia only to fragment into four secondary kingdoms. Another generation of conflict was needed to reduce the number to three.

Greece and Macedonia

After Cassander’s death, Demetrius briefly seized Greece and Macedonia, only to be ousted by Lysimachus and Pyrrhus. Demetrius surrendered to Seleucus and spent his last days imprisoned. Ptolemy, remarkably, died of natural causes in 283 Wars Among the Diadochi. Lysimachus and Seleucus later turned against each other, with Lysimachus killed in single combat at Corupedium. As Seleucus crossed to Europe for Macedonia, he was assassinated upon disembarking. Antigonus II, Demetrius’s son, later took Macedonia, bringing a semblance of peace, as all of Alexander’s successors were deceased.

Amid the discord, the diffusion of Greek culture, known as Hellenism, emerged as a success stor

Two years after Antipater’s death, chaos returned. Cassander asserted control over Macedonia and Greece, while Antigonus ousted Eumenes from the east. Antigonus then aimed for Babylon, expelled Seleucus, and pursued Eumenes to Iran, where betrayal led to Eumenes’s demise in 316.

Antigonus, eyeing sole rule, enjoyed initial success. Propaganda and his son Demetrius captured Greece from Cassander, and he consolidated power in the Aegean. Yet, open ambition united rivals against him. In 312, Ptolemy defeated Demetrius Cultural Dynamics in the Wake of Alexander’s Empire, while Seleucus reclaimed Babylon and initiated a decade-long eastern campaign.

Antigonus crowned

A truce in 311 was short-lived. By then, Alexander’s family met violent ends. Antigonus crowned himself king in 306, prompting Ptolemy and Seleucus to follow suit. Demetrius, despite naval triumphs, failed at bes

The GOLDOSK Adventure

Crocuses Smiling Under the Rain!

Would you continue walking on muddy mountain paths even if dark rain-loaded clouds covered the sky, and a sharp, razor-like wind cut through you, releasing its cold raindrops into your clothes? Beyond the mountains, in nature’s embrace, we walk into the wind and rain, facing these challenging conditions.

Rain falls, the wind blows, sticky mud hinders our progress From a Sunday Stroll to Nature Enthusiasts, limiting our vision. Despite the harsh conditions, last Sunday, tens of nature enthusiasts gathered, led by our guide, GOLDOSK. We are soaked and chilled, yet we walk towards Barla with smiles on our faces and warmth inside. The wet sky and ground may pity us, but we don’t mind. We walk, talk, and yellow and white crocuses smile at us.

On the ground, raindrops gather, forming tiny murky brooks, splashing. Our diverse group mo

The GOLDOSK Journey

A delightful Sunday morning in the spring of 2010 marked the beginning of a new venture for a friend and me. We decided to embark on a healthy 2-kilometer walk towards the hills of Isparta. As we contemplated ways to make this activity more enjoyable and inclusive, the idea of turning it into a regular weekend event took root.

This simple decision evolved into the formation of a community of like-minded individuals aspiring to lead a healthy life intertwined with nature. The goal was not just to exercise but to explore and safeguard the natural wonders of our city. With more than 95 members and thousands of Facebook likes, the Lakeland Nature Sports and Hobby Club, also known as GOLDOSK, gained momentum. Our mission extended beyond Isparta, aiming to foster a culture of outdoor activities such as trekking, hiking, climbing, water sports, winter sports, photography, and music in Lakeland city and surrounding districts.

GOLDOSK quickly became

A Hub for Education and Shopping

Becoming a Center of Science…

The government of Qatar has put tremendous effort into transforming Doha into a prominent education center in the Middle East. The extraordinary ‘Education City’ spans an expansive 12,950 square meters in the capital, attracting students from 60 countries and hosting 3,000 elementary, middle, and high schools, as well as universities. The ‘Doha Debates Embracing Nature’s Challenges,’ a forum where influential political and academic figures from the Arab world discuss critical matters, is part of the ongoing initiative to establish the city as an education hub. Additionally, the Heritage Library makes a significant contribution, housing 51,000 books in various languages, along with 600 antique maps, 2,000 manuscripts, and 6,000 photographs, with the goal of becoming a premier research center in the Middle East.

Glori